The article compares the two different crossover variants aimed for genetic algorithm (GA) application connected with problems of encoding of nodes, points, and solution coordinates. The usual GA schemes provide work with chromosomes as with plain strings. The compared methods differ from classical GA by using information of spatial coordinates encoded by chromosomes while applying genetic operators.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generates images that are severely degraded by a type of multiplicative noise known as speckle. Speckle is caused by random interference of the backscattered electromagnetic waves due to the roughness of the imaged surface. Since speckle generally tends to obscure image details, reduction of the speckle noise is important in most detection and recognition systems where speckle is present.
In this paper three despeckling methods namely Recursive filter based despeckling, Model based despeckling and Anisotropic diffusion for despeckling are compared. The MATLAB software has been used for the above mentioned methods. The performances are evaluated in terms of statistical parameters like Mean, Standard deviation, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). These parameters are used to calculate the quality of the output image obtained from the above mentioned despeckling methods. Based on the values of these parameters the performance of the methods in terms of speckle removal is discussed.

Synthetic aperture radar, Multiplicative noise, Speckle, Despeckling, Recursive filter, Model based, Anisotropic diffusion, Performance.

Digital image watermarking is a copyright protection technology aimed at asserting intellectual property rights of digital images by inserting a copyright identifier in the contents of the image, without sacrificing its quality. In this paper, we propose an imperceptible and a robust digital image watermarking algorithm for the colour images. The proposed algorithm is a hybrid algorithm based on combining two powerful transform domain techniques; the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). The proposed algorithm deals with the extraction of the watermark information in the absence of original image, hence the blind scheme was obtained. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with respect to the conflicting requirements of image watermarking; imperceptibility and robustness against common image processing operations.

Digital Watermarking, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Arnold Transform, Discrete Cosine Transform, Robustness, Imperceptibility.

Over the years, various nursing care delivery systems have been experimented. Case management is a work design planned to meet patient needs. Nursing case management organizes patient care by major diagnoses or diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) and focuses on attaining predetermined patient outcomes within specific time frames and resources and requires collaboration of all members of the health care team. Patient involvement and participation is the key to successful case management. A collaborative practice team including clinical experts from appropriate disciplines: nursing, medicine, physical therapy etc, defines the expected outcomes of care for the patient population. Based on expected patient outcomes, each member of the team, using his or her discipline’s contribution, helps determine appropriate interventions within a specified time frame. Successful case management relies on critical pathways and multidisciplinary actions plans (MAPs) to guide care. Variances are patient outcomes or staff actions that do not meet the expectation of the pathway. There is evidence that critical pathways may be associated with reduced complications. Five elements are essential to successful implementation of case management: a) support by key members of the organization (administrators, physicians and nurses); b) a qualified nurse case manager; c) collaborative practice teams; d) a quality management system; e) established critical pathways.

case management, critical pathways, nursing care services, multidisciplinary actions plans.

Informatization and the need of knowledge in the medical field has significantly grown in this century. The purpose of informatization aims to prepare nurses, as well as to benfit from integrating computer technology into everyday practice.
It is essential to include concepts related to the role of computer technology in clinical practice into the future basic nurse training curricula.
I mentioned several classification systems in nursing, they are very useful when generating and processing databases in nursing, in order to facilitate the description and comparison of nursing practices (International Clinical for Nurses Practice, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, Nursing Interventions Classification, Nursing Outcomes Clasification, Clinical Care Classification).
The look into the future will be the use of telemedicine and telenursing, in order to exchange information from one place to another with the purpose of improving the patient’s health condition. Nurses can also access the patient's electronic health records, and provide the patients with healthcare information and also with education materials. As such, nurses must be supported by excellent electronic health record and other technologies.
As a conclusion, information technology is not a remedy, but it will offer this profession an unprecedented faster capacity for the production and dissemination of new knowledge in the nursing domain. The short presentation of the supporting terminologies in nursing practice has introduced more of the information management tools, used by nurses in their work.

Nursing Informatics, Information Technology, Electronic Health Record, International Clinical for Nurses Practices.

The electronic health record structure and the general interoperability of the eHealth systems and solutions represent the cornerstones on which the continuity of patients care is based on at a regional, national or pan-European level. This continuity is sustained by better and cheaper electronic services. Currently there is still no common agreement regarding standards, norms and laws to allow a general interoperability of e-Health, but this future is not far - a relatively large number of associations and organizations are quite advanced in developing the necessary standards and in some countries the national public health system with eServices is quite developed [***10a]. The interoperability of eHealth systems is their ability to work together to ensure the continuity of health care. This essentially involves the use of the same data structures (EHR, and others), which must be understood identically by all the systems and the ability to exchange messages on the communications lines (public networks like the Internet, private or dedicated), the messages being carriers of information. In addition, the interoperability must refer to a multitude of other issues such as the interoperability of the electronic identity (people, organizations and systems), medical terminology, licensed medical recommendations etc.

Interoperability, electronic system, electronic health record, evaluation, quality, certification, standards for data transmission, technical and functional requirements, design, implementation.

Background: Following the development of a field, namely a relatively new, medical informatics, medical staff concerns also come to include new activities. Institute "Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuta " in Cluj-Napoca is one of the first hospitals in the country 25-30 years ago applied DOS operating system first in the medical information. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of the evolution of operations and data processing by nurses at a department whose profile is exclusively data management by computer. Results: Analysis and issues, problems and solutions encountered while, that solved the databases of the Institute, which operates nurses and actively working with physicians and computer scientists. Conclusion: One can also note the increasingly diverse activity of medical assistants that are currently being co-opted in other new medical specialties like medical informatics, besides the clinical and paraclinical ones.

medical assistant, data bases, medical informatics.

Research shows that automation is able to improve the quality and safety of care delivered by health care facilities. Recent advances in automation have the potential to improve all aspects of health care delivery, from diagnosis and treatment to administration and billing. Material and methods. This review presents a summary of electronic clinical decision support for clinicians. We searched Medline, CINAHL and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register for relevant studies using combinations of the following search terms: decision support systems, clinical; decision making, computer-assisted; reminder systems; medical informatics; communication; physician’s practice patterns; decision support; and expert system. We also systematically searched the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews. Results. Diagnostics have improved with the introduction of higher resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and computed tomography (CT) scans, not to mention advances in laboratory medicine technology for superior analysis of blood, urine, and cultures. Automation used for treatment spans the gamut—from new infusion devices such as smart IV pumps to surgical technologies such as endoscopic surgical tools, improved lasers, and even surgery assisting robots (e.g., da VinciTM). Conclusion. There is growing recognition that CDS, when well-designed and implemented, holds great potential to improve health care quality and possibly even increase efficiency and reduce health care costs.

quality of care, patient safety, clinical decision support.

The research presents an approach for routing message from source to destination in a computer network environment (Switched Network) using a Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System (NFES) model. Previous research works in message routing is indicated that routing is a very complex issue. This is because; there is problems of efficient path determination, accurate assessment of network traffic condition and imprecise and poor bandwidth management system. This work therefore employed a Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System model that combines the learning ability of artificial neural network with the intelligence exhibited by fuzzy logic to design a message routing algorithm. The NFES developed uses input data (bandwidth and delay) which are imprecise information with decision support system based on cognitive filtering in fuzzifying the routing to selects the most effective route/path with maximal bandwidth usage subject to efficient minimal path delay. The routing employed ruled based (If Then) approach for the computation of the optimal routing path. A hypothetical computer network environment was set-up with seven micro-computer systems routing window vista operating system to test the model. Twenty-four different messages were routed over the network to simulate and analyzed the algorithm developed. The result of the simulation revealed that the NFES developed was better in performance than the traditional Random and Shortest path method.

Routing, Neuro-fuzzy, Switched Network, Computer Network Environment.

In this paper, we implemented five of the most popular and used encryption algorithms in the world, AES, DES, RC4, RC5, and RSA. We made a comparison among these algorithms on the same OS, and another comparison between the same algorithms on different OSs, these comparisons is the term of time performance. The idea behind this project is the importance of security nowadays, especially when the Internet became widely used by millions of peoples for secured transactions, so, these transactions may contain sensitive data like Password, Credit Card Number, or others, these sensitive data must be transmitted over a secure channel to avoid any attack on it. Also, the thing which is differentiate our research is using a combined file of both Arabic and English symbols, the encryption and decryption processes for Arabic symbols require more additional code and algorithm to deal with Arabic symbols.

Cryptography, Security Algorithms, DES, RSA, RC4.

The interpretation of medical images is one of the research areas most encouraged, as it offers facilities for diagnosis and therapeutic decisions of many diseases such as cancer. In particular, we are interested in breast cancer which is a disease most feared among the female population. This paper presents a new hybrid approach for the detection of breast lesions based on the k-means method and the method Search harmony.

Interpretation, detection, K-means, Search Harmony, image of mammograhy.

Accurate measurement of packet loss in network traffic has not been successful - the frequently used active monitoring technique using probe packets does not capture all packets loss experienced in traffic network. Passive Measurement Technique (PMT) is attractive because of its efficiency since user traffic is observed without inserting additional test traffic (probe packets) into the network. However, the technique is handicapped by its premature subtraction that may report as lost all packets that have left their source but have not yet reached their destination. This paper proposes a passive packet loss measurement technique with augmented parity check that effectively avoids the problems of either over estimating or under estimating the network performance as a result of the premature subtraction experienced in normal PMT. The effectiveness of the proposed PMT augmented with parity check technique is confirmed through a computer simulation.

Passive, Measurement, Packet loss and Network.

Some techological materials are difficult to manufacture using regular processing techniques, so nowadays there can be manufactured using nonconventional technologies. Associating the new technologies with the usage of the computers, we can increase the accuracy of results, reduce the processing time, and/or improve the qualitz of the final product. Some computer applications or computer software can be used to increase the performances and the productivity of the technological processing, simultaneously with the reducing of the execution time or of the energy consumption. This new software can manage the whole technological proces or can be used to assist the human operator during the processing time. If the new software is to be used concurrent with a nonconventional method, the results are better revealed. This paper presents an expert system which manage a cutting-machine, using the complex electric-electro-chemical erosion. The program collects data from a database, made an optimization of the process using a new mathematical software – GeoGebra, and finallz offers the best combination of input parameters to obtain the best processing time.

cutting time optimization, electric-electrochemical erosion, software optimization, GeoGebra.

In 2001, in some departments of the former FHOOW in Emden and the HTW in Saarbruecken (Universities of Applied Sciences), a project study was introduced for the first semester , . It included a project day per week for one semester. The projects at the FHOOW were for instance LaTeX and PSpice (from a choice of about 15 projects in the field of electrical engineering and computer science as well as projects in the field of Natural Science Engineering / Chemical Engineering, Bioinformatics). The long term impact of the projects within 10 years is reported and each is compared with the experience of a conventional study in the first semester. Dependant on each layout of the Erkenntnis-oriented project study at different places and with different familiarities with the concept, different educational intensities are shown. Short time (two hours) and long time influences can be observed to verify if the project study is implemented the right way.

projects, Erkenntnis-theory, Gestalttheory.

An erkenntnis-theoretical project-study for students of computer science during the first semester, Summer 2001. Shortened version, 28. Juni 2001, updated version 18/05/2012 by Hayo Siemsen.

projects, Erkenntnis-theory, Gestalttheory.

Of all types of software packages existing on the market today, ERP is probably the most advanced and the optimal integrated software for research in a fully computerized enterprise. ERP is a transactional system. Its role is to manage all business transactions. There may be several million transactions per day or even per hour which controlled all regular operations of a business.

Architecture, ERP, Enterprise Application Integration; Cloud Computing, SaaS (Software as a Service).